Acne Vulgaris

Overview

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder caused by blockage of hair follicles with excess oil (sebum), dead skin cells, and bacteria. It affects the face, chest, back, and shoulders and can lead to scarring if not treated appropriately. It is most common during adolescence but may occur at any age.

Risk Factors

Hormonal changes (puberty, pregnancy, menstrual cycles)
Family history of acne
Oily skin type
High-glycemic diet and certain dairy products
Use of oily cosmetics or skincare products
Stress and sleep deprivation
Medications such as corticosteroids, lithium, or certain birth control pills

Symptoms

Whiteheads (closed comedones)
Blackheads (open comedones)
Papules and pustules (inflamed red bumps)
Nodules and cysts (deep, painful lumps)
Skin redness and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

Diagnosis

Acne vulgaris is primarily diagnosed through clinical examination. However, in some cases, further testing may be considered to identify contributing factors.

Visual skin examination — assessing lesion type, severity, and distribution.
Hormonal blood tests — to detect hormonal imbalances (e.g., testosterone, DHEAS) in women.
Bacterial culture — rarely done, but may be used for resistant or unusual acne lesions.

Prevention & Lifestyle Tips

Wash face twice daily with a gentle cleanser.
Avoid harsh scrubbing which may irritate the skin.
Use non-comedogenic (oil-free) skincare and makeup products.
Maintain a balanced diet and reduce high-sugar foods.
Manage stress through exercise, meditation, or relaxation techniques.
Shower after sweating to prevent pore blockage.
Do not squeeze or pick pimples — this increases risk of scarring.

Treatment Options

Topical treatments — benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, salicylic acid, topical antibiotics.
Oral medications — antibiotics, hormonal therapy (birth control pills, anti-androgens), isotretinoin for severe cases.
Procedures — chemical peels, laser therapy, comedone extraction.